Wendy Brown
English 1A
Instructor: Peter Berkow
Shasta College
Term Paper:  There is an urgent need to fund medical research and development that is not driven by monetary gains. This research should ultimately be regulated by an independent agency other than the FDA.

Work cite quoted:


[1]    The NCI (National Cancer Institute)
[2]    Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients
[3]    Even when novel pharmaceuticals make it to market
[4]    Adverse drug reactions remain a major cause of death
[5]    Study finds ADRs (Adverse Drug Reactions) in 1 in 15 hospital patients
[6]    In 1971 Richard Nixon announced the War on Cancer
[7]    We know from modern science that what works for some, does not work for others
[8]    Forty-two percent of American consumers use some form of alternative medicine.
[9]    This internal NCI memo
10     One quarter of prescribed drugs contain constituents derived directly from real green plants.
11     Mrs. Ann Warren-Davis : Every cell in the human body . . .
12     Mouse trials with Russian Ginseng.
13     Greed Vs Health
14     Syphilis
15     Heat treatments
16     Adverse reactions
17     Extensive testing, can not predict unpredictable side effects.
18     Therapeutic herbal remedies


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[1]    "The NCI (National Cancer Institute) has spent $10 Billion in research over the past five years, yet cancer patients are still left with the same limited treatment options such as radiation, chemotherapy or surgery - - all very costly and debilitation, with
little increase in life expectancy." Government Reform and Oversight Committee February 12, 1998 Representative Peter DeFazio (D-Oregon) http://www.snowcrest.net/reddingmed/Medicine/hearings/fda298/2_12pd.htm

[2]    "Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADR) in hospital patients.
DATA SOURCES: Four electronic databases were searched from 1966 to 1996.
STUDY SELECTION: Of 153, we selected 39 prospective studies from US hospitals. We excluded errors in drug administration, noncompliance, overdose, drug abuse, therapeutic failures, and possible ADRs. Serious ADRs were defined as those that required hospitalization, were permanently disabling, or resulted in death. We estimated that in 1994 overall 2216000 (1721000-2711000) hospitalized patients had serious ADRs and 106000 (76000-137000) had fatal ADRs, making these reactions between the fourth and sixth leading cause of death. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of serious and fatal ADRs in US hospitals was found to be extremely high."
Lazarou J, Pomeranz.  BH, Corey PN. JAMA 1998 Apr 15 279:15 1200-5
http://biomednet.com/db/medline
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[3]   "Even when novel pharmaceuticals make it to market, some come with documented toxicities or demonstrated lack of
efficacy for a certain percentage of patients. Toxicity alone is a huge problem. In the opening keynote address, George Poste of SmithKline Beecham cited a recent meta-analysis of prospective studies indicating that adverse drug reactions rank from 4th to 6th among leading causes of death in the United States"
Pharming the Genome  by Beth Schachter (Posted October 30, 1998 . Issue 41)
http://biomednet.com/hmsbeagle/41/resnews/meeting.htm
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[4]    Adverse drug reactions remain a major cause of death
Bonn, D. Adverse drug reactions remain a major cause of death.   Lancet 1998 Apr 18 351:9110 1183

[5]    Study finds ADRs (Adverse Drug Reactions) in 1 in 15 hospital patients
Am J Health Syst Pharm, 1998 Jun 1 55:11 1097-8
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[6]    In 1971 Richard Nixon announced the War on Cancer, and promised a cure by the 1977 bicentennial. In each of the 25 years since, more Americans have died of cancer than the year before. The failure of chemotherapy to control cancer has become apparent even to the oncology establishment. Scientific American featured a recent cover story entitled: "The War on Cancer -- It's Being Lost." In it, eminent epidemiologist John C. Bailar III, MD, PhD, Chairman of the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at McGill University cited the relentless increase in cancer deaths in the face of growing use of toxic chemotherapy. He concluded that scientists must look in new directions if they are ever to make progress against this unremitting killer.

Adding its voice, the prestigious British medical journal The Lancet, decrying the failure of conventional therapy to stop the rise in breast cancer deaths, noted the discrepancy between public perception and reality. "If one were to believe all the media hype, the triumphalism of the [medical] profession in published research, and the almost weekly miracle breakthroughs trumpeted by the cancer charities, one might be surprised that women are dying at all from this cancer" it observed. Noting that conventional therapies -- chemotherapy, radiation and surgery -- had been pushed to their limits with dismal results, the editorial called on researchers to "challenge dogma and redirect research efforts along more fruitful lines."

John Cairns, professor of microbiology at Harvard University, published a devastating 1985 critique in Scientific American. "Aside from certain rare cancers, it is not possible to detect any sudden changes in the death rates for any of the major cancers that could be credited to chemotherapy. Whether any of the common cancers can be cured by chemotherapy has yet to be established."

In fact, chemotherapy is curative in very few cancers -- testicular, hodgkins, choriocarcinoma, childhood leukemia. In most common solid tumors -- lung, colon, breast, etc. -- chemotherapy is NOT curative.

In an article entitled "Chemotherapy: Snake-Oil Remedy?" that appeared in the Los Angeles Times of 1/9/87, Dr. Martin F. Shapiro explained that while "some oncologists inform their patients of the lack of evidence that treatments work...others may well be misled by scientific papers that express unwarranted optimism about chemotherapy. Still others respond to an economic incentive. Physicians can earn much more money running active chemotherapy practices than they can providing solace and relief.. to dying patients and their families."

Dr. Shapiro is hardly alone. Alan C. Nixon, PhD, Past President of the American Chemical Society wrote that "As a chemist trained to interpret data, it is incomprehensible to me that physicians can ignore the clear evidence that chemotherapy does much, much more harm than good."

In 1986, McGill Cancer Center scientists sent a questionnaire to 118 doctors who treated non-small-cell lung cancer. More than 3/4 of them recruited patients and carried out trials of toxic drugs for lung cancer. They were asked to imagine that they themselves had cancer, and were asked which of six current trials they themselves would choose. 64 of the 79 respondents would not consent to be in a trial containing cisplatin, a common chemotherapy drug. Fifty eight found all the trials unacceptable. Their reason? The ineffectiveness of chemotherapy and its unacceptable degree of toxicity.

Famed German biostatistician Ulrich Abel PhD also found in a similar 1989 study that "the personal views of many oncologists seem to be in striking contrast to communications intended for the public."

In 1990, $3.53 billion was spent on chemotherapy. By 1994 that figure had more than doubled to $7.51 billion. This relentless increase in chemo use was accompanied by a relentless increase in cancer deaths.

Why the growth in chemotherapy in the face of such failure? A look at the financial interrelationships between a large cancer center such as Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the companies that make billions selling chemo drugs is revealing. James Robinson III, Chairman of the MSKCC Board of Overseers and Managers, is a director of Bristol-Myers Squibb, the world's largest producer of chemotherapy drugs. Richard Gelb, Vice-Chairman of the MSKCC board is Bristol-Myers Chairman of the Board. Richard Furlaud, another MSKCC board member, recently retired as Bristol Myers' president. Paul Marks MD, MSKCC's President and CEO, is a director of Pfizer. http://www.cancermed.com/chemo.htm

[7]    "We know from modern science that what works for some, does not work for others.  The FDA process for patient
access to unapproved treatments is a good example of the nature of the federal government to micromanage the lives of
individual Americans, often unnecessarily." Government Reform and Oversight Committee February 12, 1998 Chairman Dan Burton (R-IN) http://www.snowcrest.net/reddingmed/Medicine/hearings/fda298/2_12db.htm

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[8]    "Forty-two percent of American consumers use some form of alternative medicine.
A wide range of treatments are being used by millions of American consumers but will not be researched or certified in an official manner. Most of these products are not patentable in the U.S. because they are made from essential nutrients and other natural substances.  Sadly, none of these products are compatible with the current FDA approval process because the system is only designed to give approval to pharmaceuticals. Natural medicinal products should be offered a separate approval track similar to the one used in Germany, where manufacturers submit their product for approval and undergo a different set of scientific reviews for safety and efficacy. " Government Reform and Oversight Committee February 12, 1998 Representative Peter DeFazio (D-Oregon) http://www.snowcrest.net/reddingmed/Medicine/hearings/fda298/2_12pd.htm

[9]  This internal NCI memo   - signed by current FDA acting commissioner Michael Friedman MD - states that in his opinion the responses of Dr.Burzynski's brain tumor patients to treatment with antineoplastons are "real."

Raid: Bursynski Research Clinic - Jul. 7, 1985
Address: 1200 Richmond Ave. #260 Houston, TX 77082
Phone - (713) 597-0111 - Dean Mouscher
Reason: Interstate shipping of antineoplastins (cancer therapy) NCI, Aetna insurance and others pressured
FDA into raiding The Bursynski clinic.
Outcome: FDA seized 200,000 medical and research documents forcing Burzynski to pay to make copies. No
charges were filed.

The FDA's Holy War Against Dr. Burzynski, obviously a man of compassion and concern:  Dr.Whitaker asks "What has happened to our civilization?" http://www.tldp.com/issue/155/maxwell.htm

10] New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with Pharmacological, Biological and Therapeutice Activity, pp 1-22.8. Wagner & Wolff,.

[11]  Warren-Davis "The Theory and Practice of Herbalisn", lecture given to Wrekin Trust Open Conference on Health and Healing, Loughborough University, 15 July 1977, New Herbal Practioner, IV, no.1, 1977 pp.18-9.

[12]
Farnsworth and others, "The Current Status of the Use of Eleutherococcus senticosus in the USA and its Potential Value in the American Health Care System", 29 May 1980.

[13] Greed vs Health.
The Green Pharmacy by Barbara Griggs. Chapter 21, Regulars and Rivals, pp 241-253

[14] Syphilis  Greed vs Health
The Green Pharmacy by Barbara Griggs. Chapter 22, Magic Bullets, pp255-267

[15] Heat treatments
Dennie, A History of Syphilis, pp.113-8.

[16] Adverse reactions:
Dubos, "On the Present Limitations of Drug Research", in Talalay (ed.), Drugs in Our Society, p.41.

[17]   Public statement of 17 drug scientists after Meeting on the Rational Regulations of the Delopement of New Medicines, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, II, 233, (1977), cited Laurene and Black, The Medicine you Take, pp136-7.

[18]  Fletcher Hyde, "Therapeutic Use of Herbal Remedies" A lecture delivered at a symposium on herbal remedies in Europe, arranged by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain at the new School of Pharmacy, Gradfor University, 22 May 1974. Printed in New Herbal Practioner, I, 1974, p.19
 

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